考研阅读精讲（六）（下）
2013 Text 4
考研英语必考美国政治法律常识：
一个大法：
Constitution 宪法
27个修正案中，考4个
The First Amendment
自由
The Forth Amendment
隐私权
The Second Amendment
枪支持有
The Fourteenth Amendment
公民权（包括堕胎、同性婚姻）
两个政党：
Democratic Party/ The left/ The Liberal
民主党/左派/自由派
Republican Party/ The Right/ The Conservative
共和党/右派/保守派
区分标准：是否捍卫传统？
左派打破传统；
右派捍卫传统；
具体问题：
1、堕胎是否应该合法？
2、同性恋婚姻是否应该合法？
3、安乐死是否应该合法？
4、优先保护环境还是优先发展经济？
5、保护移民权利还是限制移民权利？
6、大政府还是小政府？
7、工会组织是否应该支持和鼓励？
8、高福利还是低福利？
三权分立
Executive branch 行政权
1、The Federal government
The Washington =The Obama Administration =The Trump Administration
The Administration= The president = The White House= The United States
The Department of Justice
2、The state government
Governor
Legislative branch 立法权
1、The Congress
（1） The House of Representatives=The House 435
（2）The senate House= The Senate 101 (The vice president)
2、he state congress
The senate
The House
Judicial branch 司法权
The Federal Supreme Court
各级法院：
The high court （高级法院）
The district court （区法院）
考研常涉及的专门法院：
The patent court
Case law 判例法 precedent-setting case
code law 法典法
Check and balance 制衡
1 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday — a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.
=law=plan =policy
But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.
2 In Arizona vs. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran to the existing federal ones.
推广
naturalization [ˌnætʃrəlaɪˈzeɪʃən]
n.移植；入籍；归化；训化；采纳
利用硬实力
assimilation
同化
利用软实力
On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field ” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.
就被推翻的条款而言，多数意见认为国会已经有意“圈占领地”，亚利桑那州也因此侵犯了联邦政府的特权。
3个被否掉，剩下的1个
4 However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify（证实） the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.
5 Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, 成文法 who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back回溯到 to the alien and Sedition Acts.
外国人煽动叛乱法案
7 Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status. It could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
36、Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they .
A. deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.
B. disturbed the power balance between different states.
C. overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.
D. contradicted both the federal and state policies.
参考答案：C
37、On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?
A. Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information.
B. States’ independence from federal immigration law.
C. States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.
D. Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.
参考答案：C
38、It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts .
A. violated the Constitution.
B. undermined the states’ interests.
C. supported the federal statute.
D. stood in favor of the states.
参考答案：D
39、The White House claims that its power of enforcement .
A. Outweighs that held by the states.
B. is dependent on the states’ support.
C. is established by federal statutes.
D. rarely goes against state laws.
参考答案：A
40、What can be learned from the last paragraph?
A. Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.
B. Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.
C. Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.
D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.
参考答案：B
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