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定语从句及比较结构
定语从句翻译
1、前置法
所谓前置法,即把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面,可以用“的”来连接。既然定语从句的意义是做定语修饰名词性成分,那么在翻译的时侯,如果定语从句较短小,信息量不大,与所修饰的成分关系密切,通常将其翻译成带“的”, 的前置定语,放在定语从句的先行词之前。
真题例句1(2003年,61题):Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
句子结构:in which they live是”介词+which”引导的定语从句,还原后为which they live in,修饰先行词environment。subjecting…为分词短语做状语。
参考译文:人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境,从而使所有其他生命形态服从于人类特有的想法和想象。
真题例句2(2004年,62题):We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
句子结构:who引导定语从句修饰peoples。从句很短,可以用前置法,翻译成”…的”。peoples为”民族,种族”。这个从句可译为”说这些语言的民族”。be obliged to sb.意思是
“感谢/感激某人”。
参考译文:我们之所以感激他们,是因为此后这些语言有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。
2、后置法
所谓后置就是把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面,翻译成并列分句。非限制性定语从句多采用此译法。英语中的定语从句常常比较复杂,尤其是考研英语翻译中,从句嵌套严重,使得定语从句复杂的几率更高,如果不加以调整,直接翻译在所修饰的先行词之前,会显得臃肿不堪,不像”中国话”,而且表意也不清楚。具体方法是重复先行词,或者用代词代替先行词来重复。
真题例句1(2005年,47题):In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
句子结构:in Europe和as elsewhere都是做状语,句子主干是multi-media groups have been increasingly successful,冒号后面的内容groups是multi-media groups的同位语,是对multi-media groups的解释和补充。which引导定语从句,修饰groups,that引导定语从句,that代指television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses。这句话中的which定语从句中还嵌套一个定语从句,信息量大,显然采用后置法,即使用代词代替先行词。
真题例句1(2005年,47题):In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
参考译文:在欧洲,就像在其他地方一样,多媒体集团越来越成功了,这些集团把相互间有密切联系的电视台、电台、报纸杂志以及出版社组合到了一起。
真题例句2(2001年,73题):Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
句子结构:that引导的定语从句修饰先行词millennium technology calendar。when引导定语从句,修饰the latest dates。很明显,that引导的定语从句很长,可以采用后置法,即使用代词代替先行词。when引导的定语从句采用前置法,译为”…的”。主句为Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar,其中to produce a unique millennium technology calendar是不定式做目的状语。
真题例句2(2001年,73题):Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
参考译文:皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百位研究人员的研究成果,编制了一个独特的技术千年历,这个技术千年历给出了我们希望看到的数百项重大突破和发现发生的最晚的日期。
真题例句3(2003年,62题):Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
句子结构:这句话的主句是Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry。本句有两个定语从句,一个是which引导的,先行词是intellectual enquiry,另一个是manner后面的that引导的,修饰manner。which引导的从句很长,明显需要采用后置法。而manner前面的修饰词reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned已经很多了,如果把that从句再前置,manner就会不堪重负了,所以也应该采用后置法。
参考译文:社会科学是知识探索的一个分支,它试图用理性,有序,系统,冷静的方式研究人类及其行为,而自然科学家就是用同样的方式研究自然现象的。
3、融合法
融合法即把主句和定语从句融合成一个简单句,其中的定语从句译成单句中的谓语部分。由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系较紧密,所以,融合法多用于翻译限制性的定语从句。其中最常见的是there be句型中带有定语从句的句型。此外也多见于主句过于简单,而定语从句较复杂,重心在定语从句的句子。
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