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被动语态及名词性从句
被动语态的翻译
为了使译文符合汉语习惯，翻译被动句时，常常可以用以下几种方法：
（1）被动句的主语仍译为主动句的主语。
The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.
汽车损坏严重，已无法修理，而驾车者却安然无恙。
The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.
此项发现得到科学界的高度评价。（或：科学界对此项发现给予高度评价。）
（2）将被动句译成主动句，有时外加泛指人称代词“人们”，“有人”，“大家”，“我们”做主语。
Rubber is found to be a good isolating material.
人们发现，橡胶是一种良好的绝缘材料。
The area has been marked out for building more hotels.
人们划出这块地区用于建造更多的旅店。
（3）把by后动作的执行者做主语，英文原句中的主语做宾语。
The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.
蒸汽机发明的结果是机械力代替了人力。
What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?
政府已经采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空气的污染程度呢?
（4）译成汉语中的无主句。
若根据上下文或特定情景，对行为主体一目了然，或者出于礼貌和婉转起见，可以采用这种译法。
Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future.
将来还可能对本系列标准增加若干项国际标准。
The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.
使发动机更有效地燃烧燃料而设计的特殊装置可以降低发动机一氧化碳的排放量。
（5）改译成汉语的判断句，即带表语的主动句。
如”是由…”、”是因…”、”是在…”等等。被动语态是表示一种状态时可以译成汉语的判断句型。
My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.
我的前四十年在南欧度过。
（6）译成正常的被动句，以突出被动意义。
这不仅包括被字句，还包括汉语特有的表示被动的手段，如“受、被、叫、挨、让、给、遭、由、为、为…所…、把、加以、使”等等都可以表示被动意义。
In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics.
译文：在工业中，不易获得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学的思想家忽视了。
被动语态翻译练习
1、In the idealized version of how science is done , facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
有关科学研究的理想化说法是——关于世界万物的真相正等待着客观的研究人员去观察和收集，这些研究人员会用科学的方法来开展他们的工作。
2、About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed.
牛津大学的一项研究表明，美国约一般的工作岗位面临高度自动化风险，这会导致中产阶级收到不同程度的打压。
3、Unlike almost every other ecosystem, they are based not on energy from the sun, but on chemicals—particularly hydrogen sulphide — dissolved in the ejected water that are used by specialized bacteria to power their metabolisms.
不同于其他几乎所有的生态系统，深海热泉生态系统所需的能量并非来自太阳，而是来自溶解在喷出热液中的化学物质尤其是硫化泉，有些一些细菌专门利用这些物质来推动自身的新陈代谢。
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